PostgreSQL的set_base_rel_sizes函数分析
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在set_base_rel_sizes函数调用过程中,如RTE为子查询,则生成子查询的访问路径,通过调用函数set_subquery_pathlist实现。
make_one_rel源代码:
RelOptInfo * make_one_rel(PlannerInfo *root, List *joinlist) { //... /* * Compute size estimates and consider_parallel flags for each base rel, * then generate access paths. */ set_base_rel_sizes(root);//估算Relation的Size并且设置consider_parallel标记 //... }
一、数据结构
RelOptInfo
如前所述,RelOptInfo数据结构贯穿整个优化过程.
typedef struct RelOptInfo { NodeTag type;//节点标识 RelOptKind reloptkind;//RelOpt类型 /* all relations included in this RelOptInfo */ Relids relids; /*Relids(rtindex)集合 set of base relids (rangetable indexes) */ /* size estimates generated by planner */ double rows; /*结果元组的估算数量 estimated number of result tuples */ /* per-relation planner control flags */ bool consider_startup; /*是否考虑启动成本?是,需要保留启动成本低的路径 keep cheap-startup-cost paths? */ bool consider_param_startup; /*是否考虑参数化?的路径 ditto, for parameterized paths? */ bool consider_parallel; /*是否考虑并行处理路径 consider parallel paths? */ /* default result targetlist for Paths scanning this relation */ struct PathTarget *reltarget; /*扫描该Relation时默认的结果 list of Vars/Exprs, cost, width */ /* materialization information */ List *pathlist; /*访问路径链表 Path structures */ List *ppilist; /*路径链表中使用参数化路径进行 ParamPathInfos used in pathlist */ List *partial_pathlist; /* partial Paths */ struct Path *cheapest_startup_path;//代价最低的启动路径 struct Path *cheapest_total_path;//代价最低的整体路径 struct Path *cheapest_unique_path;//代价最低的获取唯一值的路径 List *cheapest_parameterized_paths;//代价最低的参数化路径链表 /* parameterization information needed for both base rels and join rels */ /* (see also lateral_vars and lateral_referencers) */ Relids direct_lateral_relids; /*使用lateral语法,需依赖的Relids rels directly laterally referenced */ Relids lateral_relids; /* minimum parameterization of rel */ /* information about a base rel (not set for join rels!) */ //reloptkind=RELOPT_BASEREL时使用的数据结构 Index relid; /* Relation ID */ Oid reltablespace; /* 表空间 containing tablespace */ RTEKind rtekind; /* 基表?子查询?还是函数等等?RELATION, SUBQUERY, FUNCTION, etc */ AttrNumber min_attr; /* 最小的属性编号 smallest attrno of rel (often <0) */ AttrNumber max_attr; /* 最大的属性编号 largest attrno of rel */ Relids *attr_needed; /* 数组 array indexed [min_attr .. max_attr] */ int32 *attr_widths; /* 属性宽度 array indexed [min_attr .. max_attr] */ List *lateral_vars; /* 关系依赖的Vars/PHVs LATERAL Vars and PHVs referenced by rel */ Relids lateral_referencers; /*依赖该关系的Relids rels that reference me laterally */ List *indexlist; /* 该关系的IndexOptInfo链表 list of IndexOptInfo */ List *statlist; /* 统计信息链表 list of StatisticExtInfo */ BlockNumber pages; /* 块数 size estimates derived from pg_class */ double tuples; /* 元组数 */ double allvisfrac; /* ? */ PlannerInfo *subroot; /* 如为子查询,存储子查询的root if subquery */ List *subplan_params; /* 如为子查询,存储子查询的参数 if subquery */ int rel_parallel_workers; /* 并行执行,需要多少个workers? wanted number of parallel workers */ /* Information about foreign tables and foreign joins */ //FDW相关信息 Oid serverid; /* identifies server for the table or join */ Oid userid; /* identifies user to check access as */ bool useridiscurrent; /* join is only valid for current user */ /* use "struct FdwRoutine" to avoid including fdwapi.h here */ struct FdwRoutine *fdwroutine; void *fdw_private; /* cache space for remembering if we have proven this relation unique */ //已知的,可保证唯一元组返回的Relids链表 List *unique_for_rels; /* known unique for these other relid * set(s) */ List *non_unique_for_rels; /* 已知的,返回的数据不唯一的Relids链表 known not unique for these set(s) */ /* used by various scans and joins: */ List *baserestrictinfo; /* 如为基本关系,则存储约束条件 RestrictInfo structures (if base rel) */ QualCost baserestrictcost; /* 解析约束表达式的成本? cost of evaluating the above */ Index baserestrict_min_security; /* 最低安全等级 min security_level found in * baserestrictinfo */ List *joininfo; /* 连接语句的约束条件信息 RestrictInfo structures for join clauses * involving this rel */ bool has_eclass_joins; /* 是否存在等价类连接? True意味着joininfo并不完整,,T means joininfo is incomplete */ /* used by partitionwise joins: */ //是否尝试partitionwise连接,这是PG 11的一个新特性. bool consider_partitionwise_join; /* consider partitionwise * join paths? (if * partitioned rel) */ Relids top_parent_relids; /* Relids of topmost parents (if "other" * rel) */ /* used for partitioned relations */ //分区表使用 PartitionScheme part_scheme; /* 分区的schema Partitioning scheme. */ int nparts; /* 分区数 number of partitions */ struct PartitionBoundInfoData *boundinfo; /* 分区边界信息 Partition bounds */ List *partition_qual; /* 分区约束 partition constraint */ struct RelOptInfo **part_rels; /* 分区的RelOptInfo数组 Array of RelOptInfos of partitions, * stored in the same order of bounds */ List **partexprs; /* 非空分区键表达式 Non-nullable partition key expressions. */ List **nullable_partexprs; /* 可为空的分区键表达式 Nullable partition key expressions. */ List *partitioned_child_rels; /* RT Indexes链表 List of RT indexes. */ } RelOptInfo;
二、源码解读
set_rel_size
如前所述,set_rel_size函数估算关系的大小,如RTE为子查询,则调用set_subquery_pathlist方法生成子查询访问路径,相关代码如下:
/* * set_rel_size * Set size estimates for a base relation */ static void set_rel_size(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Index rti, RangeTblEntry *rte) { if (rel->reloptkind == RELOPT_BASEREL && relation_excluded_by_constraints(root, rel, rte)) { //... } else { switch (rel->rtekind) { case //... //... case RTE_SUBQUERY://子查询 /* * Subqueries don't support making a choice between * parameterized and unparameterized paths, so just go ahead * and build their paths immediately. */ set_subquery_pathlist(root, rel, rti, rte);//生成子查询访问路径 break; case ... } //... } //... }
set_subquery_pathlist
生成子查询的扫描路径,在生成过程中尝试下推外层的限制条件(减少参与运算的元组数量),并调用subquery_planner生成执行计划.
/* * set_subquery_pathlist * Generate SubqueryScan access paths for a subquery RTE * 生成子查询的扫描路径 * * We don't currently support generating parameterized paths for subqueries * by pushing join clauses down into them; it seems too expensive to re-plan * the subquery multiple times to consider different alternatives. * (XXX that could stand to be reconsidered, now that we use Paths.) * So the paths made here will be parameterized if the subquery contains * LATERAL references, otherwise not. As long as that's true, there's no need * for a separate set_subquery_size phase: just make the paths right away. */ static void set_subquery_pathlist(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Index rti, RangeTblEntry *rte) { Query *parse = root->parse; Query *subquery = rte->subquery; Relids required_outer; pushdown_safety_info safetyInfo; double tuple_fraction; RelOptInfo *sub_final_rel; ListCell *lc; /* * Must copy the Query so that planning doesn't mess up the RTE contents * (really really need to fix the planner to not scribble on its input, * someday ... but see remove_unused_subquery_outputs to start with). */ subquery = copyObject(subquery);//拷贝 /* * If it's a LATERAL subquery, it might contain some Vars of the current * query level, requiring it to be treated as parameterized, even though * we don't support pushing down join quals into subqueries. */ required_outer = rel->lateral_relids;//外层的Relids /* * Zero out result area for subquery_is_pushdown_safe, so that it can set * flags as needed while recursing. In particular, we need a workspace * for keeping track of unsafe-to-reference columns. unsafeColumns[i] * will be set true if we find that output column i of the subquery is * unsafe to use in a pushed-down qual. */ memset(&safetyInfo, 0, sizeof(safetyInfo)); safetyInfo.unsafeColumns = (bool *) palloc0((list_length(subquery->targetList) + 1) * sizeof(bool)); /* * If the subquery has the "security_barrier" flag, it means the subquery * originated from a view that must enforce row level security. Then we * must not push down quals that contain leaky functions. (Ideally this * would be checked inside subquery_is_pushdown_safe, but since we don't * currently pass the RTE to that function, we must do it here.) */ safetyInfo.unsafeLeaky = rte->security_barrier; /* * If there are any restriction clauses that have been attached to the * subquery relation, consider pushing them down to become WHERE or HAVING * quals of the subquery itself. This transformation is useful because it * may allow us to generate a better plan for the subquery than evaluating * all the subquery output rows and then filtering them. * 限制条件是否可以下推到子查询中?如可以,优化器有可能生成更好的执行计划 * * There are several cases where we cannot push down clauses. Restrictions * involving the subquery are checked by subquery_is_pushdown_safe(). * Restrictions on individual clauses are checked by * qual_is_pushdown_safe(). Also, we don't want to push down * pseudoconstant clauses; better to have the gating node above the * subquery. * * Non-pushed-down clauses will get evaluated as qpquals of the * SubqueryScan node. * * XXX Are there any cases where we want to make a policy decision not to * push down a pushable qual, because it'd result in a worse plan? */ if (rel->baserestrictinfo != NIL && subquery_is_pushdown_safe(subquery, subquery, &safetyInfo)) { //可以下推限制条件 /* OK to consider pushing down individual quals */ List *upperrestrictlist = NIL; ListCell *l; foreach(l, rel->baserestrictinfo)//遍历子查询上的限制条件 { RestrictInfo *rinfo = (RestrictInfo *) lfirst(l); Node *clause = (Node *) rinfo->clause; if (!rinfo->pseudoconstant && qual_is_pushdown_safe(subquery, rti, clause, &safetyInfo)) { /* Push it down */ subquery_push_qual(subquery, rte, rti, clause);//下推限制条件 } else { /* Keep it in the upper query */ upperrestrictlist = lappend(upperrestrictlist, rinfo);//保留在上层中 } } rel->baserestrictinfo = upperrestrictlist; /* We don't bother recomputing baserestrict_min_security */ } pfree(safetyInfo.unsafeColumns); /* * The upper query might not use all the subquery's output columns; if * not, we can simplify. */ remove_unused_subquery_outputs(subquery, rel); /* * We can safely pass the outer tuple_fraction down to the subquery if the * outer level has no joining, aggregation, or sorting to do. Otherwise * we'd better tell the subquery to plan for full retrieval. (XXX This * could probably be made more intelligent ...) */ if (parse->hasAggs || parse->groupClause || parse->groupingSets || parse->havingQual || parse->distinctClause || parse->sortClause || has_multiple_baserels(root)) tuple_fraction = 0.0; /* default case */ else tuple_fraction = root->tuple_fraction; /* plan_params should not be in use in current query level */ Assert(root->plan_params == NIL); /* Generate a subroot and Paths for the subquery */ rel->subroot = subquery_planner(root->glob, subquery, root, false, tuple_fraction);//调用subquery_planner获取子查询的执行计划 /* Isolate the params needed by this specific subplan */ rel->subplan_params = root->plan_params; root->plan_params = NIL; /* * It's possible that constraint exclusion proved the subquery empty. If * so, it's desirable to produce an unadorned dummy path so that we will * recognize appropriate optimizations at this query level. */ sub_final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(rel->subroot, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL);//子查询返回的最终关系 if (IS_DUMMY_REL(sub_final_rel)) { set_dummy_rel_pathlist(rel); return; } /* * Mark rel with estimated output rows, width, etc. Note that we have to * do this before generating outer-query paths, else cost_subqueryscan is * not happy. */ set_subquery_size_estimates(root, rel);//设置子查询的估算信息 /* * For each Path that subquery_planner produced, make a SubqueryScanPath * in the outer query. */ foreach(lc, sub_final_rel->pathlist)//遍历最终关系的访问路径 { Path *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(lc); List *pathkeys; /* Convert subpath's pathkeys to outer representation */ //转换pathkeys为外层的表示法 pathkeys = convert_subquery_pathkeys(root, rel, subpath->pathkeys, make_tlist_from_pathtarget(subpath->pathtarget)); /* Generate outer path using this subpath */ add_path(rel, (Path *) create_subqueryscan_path(root, rel, subpath, pathkeys, required_outer));//通过子查询路径生成外层访问路径 } /* If outer rel allows parallelism, do same for partial paths. */ if (rel->consider_parallel && bms_is_empty(required_outer))//是否可以并行处理 { /* If consider_parallel is false, there should be no partial paths. */ Assert(sub_final_rel->consider_parallel || sub_final_rel->partial_pathlist == NIL); /* Same for partial paths. */ foreach(lc, sub_final_rel->partial_pathlist) { Path *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(lc); List *pathkeys; /* Convert subpath's pathkeys to outer representation */ pathkeys = convert_subquery_pathkeys(root, rel, subpath->pathkeys, make_tlist_from_pathtarget(subpath->pathtarget)); /* Generate outer path using this subpath */ add_partial_path(rel, (Path *) create_subqueryscan_path(root, rel, subpath, pathkeys, required_outer)); } } } //-------------------------------------------------------- create_subqueryscan_path /* * create_subqueryscan_path * Creates a path corresponding to a scan of a subquery, * returning the pathnode. */ SubqueryScanPath * create_subqueryscan_path(PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *rel, Path *subpath, List *pathkeys, Relids required_outer) { SubqueryScanPath *pathnode = makeNode(SubqueryScanPath); pathnode->path.pathtype = T_SubqueryScan;//路径类型:子查询扫描 pathnode->path.parent = rel;//父RelOptInfo pathnode->path.pathtarget = rel->reltarget;//投影列 pathnode->path.param_info = get_baserel_parampathinfo(root, rel, required_outer);//参数化信息 pathnode->path.parallel_aware = false;//并行相关参数 pathnode->path.parallel_safe = rel->consider_parallel && subpath->parallel_safe; pathnode->path.parallel_workers = subpath->parallel_workers; pathnode->path.pathkeys = pathkeys;//排序键 pathnode->subpath = subpath;//子访问路径 cost_subqueryscan(pathnode, root, rel, pathnode->path.param_info);//子查询的成本 return pathnode; } //-------------------------------------------------------- cost_subqueryscan /* * cost_subqueryscan * Determines and returns the cost of scanning a subquery RTE. * * 'baserel' is the relation to be scanned * 'param_info' is the ParamPathInfo if this is a parameterized path, else NULL */ void cost_subqueryscan(SubqueryScanPath *path, PlannerInfo *root, RelOptInfo *baserel, ParamPathInfo *param_info) { Cost startup_cost; Cost run_cost; QualCost qpqual_cost; Cost cpu_per_tuple; /* Should only be applied to base relations that are subqueries */ Assert(baserel->relid > 0); Assert(baserel->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY); /* Mark the path with the correct row estimate */ if (param_info) path->path.rows = param_info->ppi_rows; else path->path.rows = baserel->rows; /* * Cost of path is cost of evaluating the subplan, plus cost of evaluating * any restriction clauses and tlist that will be attached to the * SubqueryScan node, plus cpu_tuple_cost to account for selection and * projection overhead. */ path->path.startup_cost = path->subpath->startup_cost; path->path.total_cost = path->subpath->total_cost; get_restriction_qual_cost(root, baserel, param_info, &qpqual_cost); startup_cost = qpqual_cost.startup; cpu_per_tuple = cpu_tuple_cost + qpqual_cost.per_tuple; run_cost = cpu_per_tuple * baserel->tuples; /* tlist eval costs are paid per output row, not per tuple scanned */ startup_cost += path->path.pathtarget->cost.startup; run_cost += path->path.pathtarget->cost.per_tuple * path->path.rows; path->path.startup_cost += startup_cost; path->path.total_cost += startup_cost + run_cost; }
三、跟踪分析
测试脚本如下:
select t1.*,t2.dwbh,t2.counter from t_dwxx t1, (select dwbh,count(*) as counter from t_grxx group by dwbh) t2 where t1.dwbh = t2.dwbh and t1.dwbh = '1001';
启动gdb:
(gdb) c Continuing. Breakpoint 1, set_subquery_pathlist (root=0x2d749b0, rel=0x2d34dd0, rti=2, rte=0x2d341a0) at allpaths.c:2082 2082 Query *parse = root->parse;
进入函数set_subquery_pathlist,输入参数中的root->simple_rel_array[2],rtekind为RTE_SUBQUERY子查询
(gdb) p *root->simple_rel_array[2] $13 = {type = T_RelOptInfo, reloptkind = RELOPT_BASEREL, relids = 0x2d6a428, rows = 0, consider_startup = false, consider_param_startup = false, consider_parallel = true, reltarget = 0x2d6a440, pathlist = 0x0, ppilist = 0x0, partial_pathlist = 0x0, cheapest_startup_path = 0x0, cheapest_total_path = 0x0, cheapest_unique_path = 0x0, cheapest_parameterized_paths = 0x0, direct_lateral_relids = 0x0, lateral_relids = 0x0, relid = 2, reltablespace = 0, rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY, min_attr = 0, max_attr = 2, attr_needed = 0x2d69b00, attr_widths = 0x2d69b50, lateral_vars = 0x0, lateral_referencers = 0x0, indexlist = 0x0, statlist = 0x0, pages = 0, tuples = 0, allvisfrac = 0, subroot = 0x0, subplan_params = 0x0, rel_parallel_workers = -1, serverid = 0, userid = 0, useridiscurrent = false, fdwroutine = 0x0, fdw_private = 0x0, unique_for_rels = 0x0, non_unique_for_rels = 0x0, baserestrictinfo = 0x2d6b648, baserestrictcost = { startup = 0, per_tuple = 0}, baserestrict_min_security = 0, joininfo = 0x0, has_eclass_joins = true, top_parent_relids = 0x0, part_scheme = 0x0, nparts = 0, boundinfo = 0x0, partition_qual = 0x0, part_rels = 0x0, partexprs = 0x0, nullable_partexprs = 0x0, partitioned_child_rels = 0x0} (gdb) p *rte $10 = {type = T_RangeTblEntry, rtekind = RTE_SUBQUERY, relid = 0, relkind = 0 '\000', tablesample = 0x0, subquery = 0x2d342b0, security_barrier = false, jointype = JOIN_INNER, joinaliasvars = 0x0, functions = 0x0, funcordinality = false, tablefunc = 0x0, values_lists = 0x0, ctename = 0x0, ctelevelsup = 0, self_reference = false, coltypes = 0x0, coltypmods = 0x0, colcollations = 0x0, enrname = 0x0, enrtuples = 0, alias = 0x2c82728, eref = 0x2d35328, lateral = false, inh = false, inFromCl = true, requiredPerms = 0, checkAsUser = 0, selectedCols = 0x0, insertedCols = 0x0, updatedCols = 0x0, securityQuals = 0x0}
下推限制条件:
... (gdb) n 2157 qual_is_pushdown_safe(subquery, rti, clause, &safetyInfo)) (gdb) 2156 if (!rinfo->pseudoconstant && (gdb) 2160 subquery_push_qual(subquery, rte, rti, clause);
tuple_fraction设置为0.0
... (gdb) 2193 tuple_fraction = 0.0; /* default case */
调用subquery_planner获取执行计划:
(gdb) n 2201 rel->subroot = subquery_planner(root->glob, subquery,
获取子查询生成的最终关系,reloptkind为RELOPT_UPPER_REL
... (gdb) 2214 sub_final_rel = fetch_upper_rel(rel->subroot, UPPERREL_FINAL, NULL); (gdb) 2216 if (IS_DUMMY_REL(sub_final_rel)) (gdb) p *sub_final_rel $16 = {type = T_RelOptInfo, reloptkind = RELOPT_UPPER_REL, relids = 0x0, rows = 0, consider_startup = false, consider_param_startup = false, consider_parallel = true, reltarget = 0x2d7bd50, pathlist = 0x2d7be10, ppilist = 0x0, partial_pathlist = 0x0, cheapest_startup_path = 0x2d7aaa8, cheapest_total_path = 0x2d7aaa8, cheapest_unique_path = 0x0, cheapest_parameterized_paths = 0x2d7be60, direct_lateral_relids = 0x0, lateral_relids = 0x0, relid = 0, reltablespace = 0, rtekind = RTE_RELATION, min_attr = 0, max_attr = 0, attr_needed = 0x0, attr_widths = 0x0, lateral_vars = 0x0, lateral_referencers = 0x0, indexlist = 0x0, statlist = 0x0, pages = 0, tuples = 0, allvisfrac = 0, subroot = 0x0, subplan_params = 0x0, rel_parallel_workers = 0, serverid = 0, userid = 0, useridiscurrent = false, fdwroutine = 0x0, fdw_private = 0x0, unique_for_rels = 0x0, non_unique_for_rels = 0x0, baserestrictinfo = 0x0, baserestrictcost = {startup = 0, per_tuple = 0}, baserestrict_min_security = 0, joininfo = 0x0, has_eclass_joins = false, top_parent_relids = 0x0, part_scheme = 0x0, nparts = 0, boundinfo = 0x0, partition_qual = 0x0, part_rels = 0x0, partexprs = 0x0, nullable_partexprs = 0x0, partitioned_child_rels = 0x0}
成本最低的路径
(gdb) p *sub_final_rel->cheapest_total_path $17 = {type = T_AggPath, pathtype = T_Agg, parent = 0x2d7b6d0, pathtarget = 0x2d7adc8, param_info = 0x0, parallel_aware = false, parallel_safe = true, parallel_workers = 0, rows = 10, startup_cost = 0.29249999999999998, total_cost = 20.143376803383145, pathkeys = 0x0}
通过子查询访问路径生成外层的访问路径
(gdb) n 2227 set_subquery_size_estimates(root, rel); (gdb) 2233 foreach(lc, sub_final_rel->pathlist) (gdb) 2235 Path *subpath = (Path *) lfirst(lc); (gdb) 2239 pathkeys = convert_subquery_pathkeys(root, (gdb) 2246 create_subqueryscan_path(root, rel, subpath, (gdb) 2245 add_path(rel, (Path *) (gdb) 2233 foreach(lc, sub_final_rel->pathlist)
完成函数调用,结束处理
(gdb) set_rel_size (root=0x2d749b0, rel=0x2d34dd0, rti=2, rte=0x2d341a0) at allpaths.c:380 380 break;
执行计划如下:
testdb=# explain verbose select t1.*,t2.dwbh,t2.counter from t_dwxx t1,(select dwbh,count(*) as counter from t_grxx group by dwbh) t2 where t1.dwbh = t2.dwbh and t1.dwbh = '1001'; QUERY PLAN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nested Loop (cost=0.58..28.65 rows=10 width=32) Output: t1.dwmc, t1.dwbh, t1.dwdz, t_grxx.dwbh, (count(*)) -> Index Scan using t_dwxx_pkey on public.t_dwxx t1 (cost=0.29..8.30 rows=1 width=20) Output: t1.dwmc, t1.dwbh, t1.dwdz Index Cond: ((t1.dwbh)::text = '1001'::text) -> GroupAggregate (cost=0.29..20.14 rows=10 width=12) Output: t_grxx.dwbh, count(*) Group Key: t_grxx.dwbh -> Index Only Scan using idx_t_dwxx_grbh on public.t_grxx (cost=0.29..19.99 rows=10 width=4) Output: t_grxx.dwbh Index Cond: (t_grxx.dwbh = '1001'::text) (11 rows)
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